Conjunction Of Business And Corporate Law

PART A: CONTRACT LAW

An agreement becomes a contract when it is accepted and enforced by the law and there must be some consideration involved in the dealing. A contract may be executed in writing or verbally. Contract law provides the laws or regulations for legally enforcing certain promises. In Australia, it is predominantly governed by the common law, but other regulations or laws are also provided to be applicable in common law of contract, especially, in the areas of consumer protection.

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Issue: 

In the case of Kleinwort Benson Ltd. (plaintiff) V Malaysian Mining Corporation (defendant), [1989], the defendant took a loan from merchant bankers to invest in its subsidiary trading company in London. For this, the defendant wrote a 'comfort letter' stating that its policy is to ensure the solvency of its subsidiary company so that it can meet its liabilities occurred in respect to the bank. Primarily, a loan amount of £5 Million was sanctioned, and after getting a similar letter from the defendant, it further granted the facility to raise the limit to 10 Million. After some years, the subsidiary entity went into liquidation. In such a situation, the merchant bankers considered these letters to make the company pay for the outstanding loan amount of its subsidiary (Kleinwort Benson Ltd. V Malaysian Mining Corporation, 1989). The defendant alleged that the intention of the letter was not fathomed by both parties to legally bind or create a legal obligation to repay the amount. The issue was whether the statements or assertions were provided to create legal obligations regarding the repayment of the loan amount. The case raised a question on the legal validity of the contract and whether it was bound under the contract law.

Rule: 

A letter of comfort (LoC) is also called a “letter of intent”. It is a letter that is prepared only in vague terms. It is a communication from a party to a contract to the other party, that implies an initial willingness to get into a contractual obligation. However, the motive for creating the letter is not to legally bind but to morally bind the parties involved in the contract. In a typical sense,  it is written and given by an entity to a bank or financial institution (Ayres and Schwartz, 2014). To an extent,  it can be said to be a guarantee only when the party writing it has specifically mentioned the intention of the legal obligation of the parent company under such a contract. Under the common law in Australia, whether a LoC can create a legal relationship will depend on the language used in the letter as there is no statutory definition or meaning available. Further, it has been provided that there will not be any future warranty but is merely a statement on the part of the defendant's policy.

Application: 

According to the common law in Australia, it is clear that the legally binding nature of the LoC will be determined from the words mentioned in the letter. To get a clearer meaning of the legality, an example of a similar case that has been decided in the past can be taken. In the case of Banque Brussels Lambert SA v Australian National Industries Ltd. (1989), Spedley Securities Ltd. Wanted to obtain a loan of $5 million from Banque Brussels. There was a condition, to assure that the loan would be paid off completely within the specified time to get the loan. Australian National Industries (ANI), the parent company of Spedley wrote a letter to Banque Brussels.

The letter acknowledged the amount of loan sanctioned to Spedly, together with the approval of the parent company. ANI, clearly stated that it will not reduce its shareholding in the subsidiary company below 45% in the complete duration of the transaction. In case of any such reduction, the Banque Brussels will be provided a 90-day notice.

Along with this, the letter also mentioned, that after the above-mentioned notice is served, the Banque Brussels will give a 30-day notice to ANI to repay the outstanding loan amount. Furthermore, it contained an assurance about Spedley being solvent enough to pay the amount so obtained. However, during this whole procedure, ANI sold its shares in Spedly without serving notice to the Banque Brussels. This impeded the ability of Spedley to pay their loan. The issue was whether the letter given by ANI to Banque was legally binding and enforceable or not.

The court held that the language used would determine the legal obligation of LoC. Such a letter will be legally binding because it has been carried out commercially. Also, it will be enforceable by law as it contains specific promises. The promise was to serve a 90-day notice by ANI before disposing of shares held by it and to secure the financial capacity of Spedley to repay the loan amount (Fitzpatrick and et. al., Business and Corporations Law 3rd ed. (2017).

Conclusion: 

The court held that, if the intention is not expressly stated in the LoC, the court will have to determine whether the words were intended and understood by the parties, for creating legal obligation in the future. The words used in the LoC were just moral responsibility to comfort and did not have the meaning or the effect of creating a legal obligation as to future contracts. 

REFERENCES

McKendrick, E., 2014. Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK).

Ayres, I. and Schwartz, A., 2014. The no-reading problem in consumer contract law. Stan. L. Rev. 66. p.545.

Fitzpatrick J, Symes C, Veljanovski A & Parker D, Business and Corporations Law 3rd ed. (2017), LexisNexis Butterworths Australia.

Online:

Kleinwort Benson Ltd. V Malaysian Mining Corporation.1989. [Online]. Available through: <https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/kleinwort-benson-v-malaysia-mining-corp.php>. 

PART B: CORPORATIONS LAW

Corporations law is the principal legislation regulating companies. It regulates matters such as the formation and operation of companies in conjunction with a constitution that may be adopted by a company. This law also takes care of the duties of officers, takeovers, and fundraising. The law is administrated by a single national regulatory authority, the Australian Securities and Investment Corporation (ASIC) (Allen, 2017).

Issue:

The issue is related to the Australian Securities and Investment Corporation v Vizard (2005), case law. In this case, Vizard was appointed as a non-executive director of Telstra Corporation Ltd which is known as Australian and Overseas Telecommunications Corporations Ltd which was incorporated under incorporation law. As Vizard is a non-executive director of the company possesses various confidential information relating to the company and its plans. As a director, it was Vizard's responsibility to keep the companies' information safe and not use this information for any personal benefit. Confidential information means information that is not disclosed by the company and disclosure of the information will have a large effect on the company's stock prices and its future actions. It is found that Vizard has used information that is provided to him in the position of a director and used this information for personal benefit. The chief executive Officer of the company provided information to directors regarding the merger with some other company and their proposal regarding this merger (Australian Securities and Investment Corporation v Vizard, 2005). Merger in two companies is confidential as it have a large effect on the share price of the company. Use of this information for personal benefit by the director is considered an aabreach of duty.

Rule:

As per corporation law, the director must act in good faith and exercise powers for a proper purpose. The rule specifies some fiduciary duty of directors to exercise their discretion bona fide in what the directors consider to be in the interest of the company. The duty to exercise power for a proper purpose requires directors to exercise their powers for a proper purpose and not for any other purpose or to obtain some private advantage. The statutory duty of a director as per section 181(1), directors and officers must exercise their powers and discharge their duties in good faith in the best interest of the corporation and for a proper purpose. As per section 185 (1) has no effect in addition to and not in derogation of general law or any other rule of law. If the director is performing all the duties and responsibilities honestly in the best interest of the company then it is considered fair. It will be considered as a breach of duty when the act of director in no way is considered in the best interest of Australian Securities and Investment Corporation. In the given case of Australian Securities and Investment Corporation v Vizard, it is seen that the director has not acted in good faith. The information that was confidential to the company is used for the personal benefit of the director and it is considered that there is a breach of duty. This breach of duty leads to misconduct by the director held responsible for this breach (Wells, 2012).

Application:

From the mentioned case study it is clearly stated that Vizard the non-executive director of the company has breached the duty. This case study needs to be examined by using relevant examples relating to the same issue to provide a clear decision held in the case. Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver, 1942 is the leading case regarding the rule against directors and officers from taking corporate opportunities in violation of their duty of loyalty. The court held that a director is in breach of his duty if takes advantage of an opportunity that the corporation would be interested in but unable to take advantage of. The fact of the case is that the directors of the company without getting permission from the shareholders of the company sold the business and made profits out of this. A breach of fiduciary duty is performed by the directors. The decision provided by the Court of Appeal was against directors. But the House of Lords revised the decision and held that directors of the company also possess some share and they acted for the benefit of the company. Inste,ad it was held that use of fiduciary position is used by the directors to make profits for the company and no fraud is involved. From the above case law it is clear that breach of duty is carefully evaluated by the judge in the court. Before providing any decision all the relevant case laws are considered to provide judgment (Hiller, 2013).

Conclusion:

According to the above case scenario, it can be concluded that Vizard by not performing his duties in good faith led to a breach in section 183 of the Corporation Act 2001. This section defines that directors and other officers of the company must not improperly use the information provided to them due to their position to gain an advantage for themselves. This also includes they should not use the information to cause detriment or harm the business of the company. Breach of Section 183 prohibits conduct by Vizard. Breach of duty leads him to get penalized which can be maximized up to the amount of $200000 or any civil proceedings. This is deven thougha contravention holds great potential for profits and may cause much harm. As per the corporation, the maximum penalty that can be provided to him is imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years plus a fine not exceeding $200000. together with this punishment, he was not allowed to be a director of any other company for ten years. All these punishments are provided to directors to increase the importance of the duties and responsibilities of directors. Providing punishments helps the company to maintain confidential information andprofitably perform business activitiesr.

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REFERENCES

Allen, W. T., 2017. Our schizophrenic conception of the business corporation. In Corporate Governance (pp. 79-99). Gower.

Hiller, J. S., 2013. The benefit of corporations and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics. 118(2). pp.287-301.

Wells, H., 2012. Corporation Law is Dead: Heroic Managerialism, Legal Change, and the Puzzle of Corporation Law at the Height of the American Century. U. Pa. J. Bus. L. 15. p.305.

Online

Australian Securities and Investment Corporation v Vizard. 2005. [Online]. Available through: <https://www.brightlaw.com.au/asic-v-vizard/>

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